Missouri Compromise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Missouri Compromise - Term Paper Example Missouri Compromise The period 1813 to 1820, an Era in which good things were just beginning to trickle down; an oftentimes referred to as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†; the Missouri compromise, an event that is believed to have had a major role in shaping the course of American history struck. As a matter of fact, even the colonists before the birth of the nation had been listening to their consciences, and knew in their minds that slavery was indeed, wrong. Thus, it was time to take note and recognize how cruel the vice actually was. Finally, in 1820, a minority of congressmen rose up and took an expressive stand. However small, important steps had to be made toward attainment of equal rights. The events preceding the compromise came at a time when James Monroe had taken office as the president of the new Republic with only one political faction inexistence, that being the Democratic-Republicans. Although there were a number of diverse issues to be tackled ranging from Taxation dilemmas to particular internal improvements that sprung from the Federalists ideals; a precise balance within the Senate of Congress equating the number of representative for free and slave states was regarded important in terms of house voting, and was to be upheld no matter the prevailing circumstances. Holding other factors such as the supply of cheap land constant, because freedom had to be sought anyway, Missouri soon applied for recognition as full fledged member of the union as a slave state.

Green Synthesis of o-Phenyl-benzothiazole

Green Synthesis of o-Phenyl-benzothiazole Green Condensation of o-Aminothiophenol to o-Phenyl-benzothiazole David Fairchild, Alex Irion, Dominic Russo, Luke Sanders Abstract Herein we describe a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly synthesis of o-arylbenzothiazoles, such as o-phenyl-benzothiazole, under standard ambient temperature and pressure via reaction of o-aminothiophenols with aromatic aldehydes using glycerol as a solvent. The combined characteristics of glycerol allow it to act as both a green and biodegradable solvent, but its high polarity also catalyzes the reaction between various o-aminothiophenols and aromatic aldehydes, hence replacing the need for expensive, and often environmentally hazardous, solvents or catalysts. Land management Water conservation clean-up Green Condensation of o-Aminothiophenol to o-Phenyl-benzothiazole Problem Numerous o-arylbenzothiazoles can be found in a variety of biologically occurring compounds, and they are becoming an increasingly important family of antitumor agents (Kashiyama E et al., 1999)1; moreover, these compounds exhibit biological activity as antituberculosis agents and antiparasitics (Yamamoto K et al., 1998)2, but also serve as useful imaging agents for ÃŽ ²-amyloid (Lee BC et al., 2011)3. Traditionally, most o-arylbenzothiazoles are synthesized by either arylation of benzothiazole with aryl bromides and catalyzed by palladium (II) acetate, copper (I) bromide, or tri-tert-butylphosphine (Vattoly J. Majo, Jaya Prabhakaran, J.John Mann, J.S. Dileep Kumar, 2003)4 or via condensation of o-aminothiophenols by varying functional groups with a number of different catalysts including: trimethylsilyl chloride (S. V. Ryabukhin, A. S. Plaskon, D. M. Volochnyuk, A. A. Tolmachev, 2006)5, manganese (II) oxide (Cecilia D. Wilfred Richard J. K. Taylor, 2004)6, or 1-methyl-3-pentylimidazo-lium bromide (Brindaban C. Ranu, Ranjan Jana, Suvendu S. Dey, 2004)7. Nevertheless, there have been several recent and more environmentally friendly procedures for synthesizing o-arylbenzothiazoles, such as with a mixture of sulfuric acid and silicon dioxide to act as a catalyst (Behrooz Maleki et al., 2010)8, or with p-toluenesulfonic acid in water (Najmedin AziziAlireza et al., 2009)9; however, m any of these recent discoveries require high temperatures, lengthy reaction times, and sometimes result in relatively low yield. In addition, many of the catalysts employed in the traditional reactions are both economically and environmentally costly, thus often resulting in serious environmental pollution, which may affect important waterways for many ecological systems. An important tenet of green chemistry is the minimal use of auxiliary substances and the use of innocuous solvents whenever possible; solvents play a major role in the environmental performance of chemical processes, but also impact cost, safety, and operational health. Thus, the purpose behind green solvents expresses the goal to minimize the environmental impact resulting from the use of solvents in chemical procedures; hence, many of these solvents exhibit similar properties, including: low volatility, low cost, high reusability, low toxicity, low flammability, and high solvation power for both inorganic and organic compounds. Glycerol is one such compound that has recently garnered much attention as a result of these aforementioned qualities since it combines many of the characteristics of water with many of the benefits of ionic liquids. We have therefore chosen this project because the field of green chemistry is an ever-growing and an ever-more-important subfield of chemistry, and because a better and more efficient synthesis of o-phenylbenzothiazole and other o-arylbenzothiazoles will have practical applications toward minimizing potential environmental waste from the preparation of an increasingly important research pharmaceutical. Hypothesis If glycerols high polarity and solvation ability were able to act as a functional group on aromatic aldehydes, then o-phenylbenzothiazole could be produced by simple condensation of o-aminothiophenol. Experimentation Due to the limited availability of many of the basic reagents required for this experiment, we plan on first synthesizing many of the preparatory reagents on a micro scale; these chemicals are more easily available in bulk, and, hence, the following procedures would be unnecessary in practice. The following preparations include: Preparation of Nitrobenzene by Mixed Acid Nitration of Benzene Nitrobenzene is produced by simple nitration of benzene with nitric acid and sulfuric acid acting as catalysts. A 500 ml flask is charged with a stir bar and 8 ml of concentrated 98% sulfuric acid and 84.013 ml of concentrated 90% nitric acid is added slowly (note 1). Once the solution of acids cools, 182.687 ml of benzene is slowly added to the flask (note 2). Once all the benzene is added, the contents of the flask are poured into an appropriate separatory funnel and the bottom aqueous layer is discarded. The crude nitrobenzene is then washed with 40ml of distilled water three times to remove excess acids; once complete, an appropriate round bottom flask (RBF) is charged with the bottom layer (crude nitrobenzene), and the top layer is discarded. A simple distillation of the crude nitrobenzene is performed collecting the fraction between 207Â ° C and 211Â ° C. This distillate is then dried with calcium chloride, and filtered off for future use yielding approximately 170.37 ml of pure nitrobenzene (~83% theoretical yield based on nitric acid). Preparation of Aniline by Reduction of Nitrobenzene Aniline is synthesized by a modified procedure outlined in Vogel (5, p. 892)10. 178.065 g of tin powder,140 ml of distilled water, and 564.972 ml of 38% hydrochloric acid are charged into a two-way 1 L RBF along with a suitable stir bar. A thermometer and a pressure-equalizing additional funnel with 102.636ml of the previously prepared nitrobenzene are clamped to the RBF. The RBF is placed on a hot plate and slowly heated and stirred while nitrobenzene is slowly added (note 3); upon completion, the solution is set up for reflux for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 39.997 g of sodium hydroxide are added, and the solution is set up for steam distillation. The collected distillate from the previous steam distillation is placed in a suitable separatory funnel, where it is washed with a saturated brine solution. The top layer of aniline is then placed in another suitable RBF and setup for simple distillation; this distillation is carried out until the temperature reaches 130Â ° C. The collected distillate is then redistilled with the fraction between 180Â ° C and 184Â ° C collected (note 4). The final distillate of 90.336 ml (~97% yield based on nitrobenzene) is then poured into a suitable container for storage and future use. Preparation of Acetanilide Acetanilide is prepared by simple acetylation of the previously prepared aniline with acetic anhydride. 77.479 ml of the previously prepared aniline are charged into a 250 ml RBF, and 20 ml of water are added with an additional 2 ml of 38% hydrochloric acid so that the previous two layers mix; a stir bar is also charged in the flask. The solution of aniline hydrochloride is gently heated while stirring is begun. A mixture of 80.200 ml of acetic anhydride are added and 4.5 g of sodium acetate is quickly added all at once. Heat is removed, while vigorous stirring is maintained. The white acetalanilide precipitate is then vacuum-filtered off and then washed with cold water, yielding approximately110.96 g of product with a m.p. between 112Â ° C to 115Â ° C. Preparation and Separation of o-Nitroaniline from Acetanilide o-Nitroaniline is prepared by a slightly modified mixed acid nitration of acetanilide. 100g of the previously prepared dry acetanilide is charged into a two-neck 100 ml RBF along with a suitable stir bar. This set up is placed over a magnetic stirrer (note 5), and a pressure-equalizing addition funnel containing 31.079 ml of 90% nitric acid, 2 ml of 98% sulfuric acid (note 6), and a thermometer are clamped to the RBF. The mixed acids are then slowly added drop-wise in 2 ml portions every ten minutes to allow for adequate cooling of the reaction. Once the acid addition is complete, the addition funnel is removed, and 15 ml of ice water are added, heated to reflux allowing the nitroacetanilides to hydrolyze. After approximately 15 to 20 minutes, the reaction is allowed to cool; once cooled, an equimolar amount of sodium hydroxide (based on acetanilide) is very slowly added to the RBF. The crude mixture nitroacetanilides is then filtered off and dried. This crude product is recrystallized from hot ethanol, thus allowing the p- and o- isomer to separate. The crystals are filtered off and stored for later use, however, the filtrate, which predominately contains o-nitroaniline, is set up for column chromatography with methylene chloride for further purification. Afterwards, the methylene chloride is allowed to evaporate off, yielding approximately 35.621 g of o-nitroaniline with a m.p. between 69Â ° C and 75 Â ° C. Preparation of o-Chloronitrobenzene from o-Nitroaniline Hartman and Brethen (1923)11 found that m-chloronitrobenzene can be synthesized by formation of the diazonium salt from m-nitroaniline. Based on their procedure, o-chloronitrobenzene is similarly synthesized from the previously prepared o-nitroaniline. A 500ml RBF is charged with 15 g of o-nitroaniline and with an equimolar amount of 38% hydrochloric acid, along with an additional 250 ml of hot water, a stir bar, and an additional equimolar amount of hydrochloric acid, and this set up is then placed over a magnetic stirrer. The entire mixture is cooled, and 20 g of sodium nitrite are added slowly with heavy stirring; once this addition is complete, the solution is filtered to remove any amorphous solids. A suitable two-neck RBF is charged with a mixture containing 14.251 g of cuprous chloride in 38% hydrochloric acid; a thermometer and powder addition funnel containing the previously prepared o-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride are clamped to the flask. o-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride then is very slowly added to the flask over a period of one hour. After this addition is complete, the mixture is set up for reflux until nitrogen stops evolving from the flask, after which the solution is set up for simple steam distillation until no more o-chloronitrobenzene comes over. The distillate is cooled to allow the o-chloronitrobenzene to crystallize; this crude distillate is washed with sodium hydroxide and then with cold water, resulting in approximately 29 g of o-chloronitrobenzene (~62% theoretical yield based on o-nitroaniline). Synthesis of o-Aminothiophenol by Sulfunation of o-Chloronitrobenzene o-Aminothiophenol is synthesized by a modified procedure outlined in US Patent No. 3931321 (1976)12. 10 g of the previously prepared o-chloronitrobenzene with 80 ml of water are charged into a 250 ml RBF. Paraffin oil is used instead of the special emulsion polymerizer outlined in the original patent; the mixture is strongly stirred, and an addition funnel containing solution 15.022 g of sodium sulfide and an equimolar amount of sodium hydroxide is clamped to the flask; the solution is added slowly over 10 minute intervals with periods of cooling in between. The mixture is heated between 100Â ° C and 110Â ° C for approximately two hours. The product is set up for steam distillation until a clear distillate comes over. To this clear distillate, .5 g of activated carbon is added, and the mixture is washed with cold toluene; for further work up, the product is then washed 38% hydrochloric acid until the pH is adjusted to six, and the mixture is poured into a separatory funnel from which the bottom aqueous layer is removed. Excess toluene is then removed by simple distillation, and this distillate is allowed to cool. Approximately 5.461 g of o-aminothiophenol crystallizes (~78.37% yield based on o-chloronitrobenzene) with a m.p. between 22Â ° C and 25Â ° C. Synthesis of Benzaldehyde by Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Benzaldehyde is synthesized by simple oxidation of benzyl alcohol. A two neck 500 mL RBF is setup with a ring stand and wire mesh pad. A Bunsen burner is then placed below the apparatus, and the RBF is charged with an appropriate stir bar and 103.5 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in a minimum quantity of water. A pressure-equalizing funnel containing 30 ml of benzyl alcohol and a reflux condenser are clamped to the flask. This set up is then heated to reflux while benzyl alcohol is slowly added drip-wise; once all the benzyl alcohol is completely added, the Bunsen burner is extinguished, and replaced with a magnetic stirrer until the solution cools down. Upon cooling, the RBF is setup for steam distillation. The distillate is then poured into a separatory funnel, and the bottom crude benzaldehyde is separated out; this crude product is then dried over magnesium sulfate. Once dried, the benzaldehyde is placed in a suitable RBF and fractionally distilled under vacuum at approximately .109 atm; the fraction between 91Â ° C and 93Â ° C is collected, leaving 19.35 ml of pure benzaldehyde (~65% theoretical yield based on benzyl alcohol). Synthesis of o-Phenyl-benzothiazole from o-Aminothiophenol and Benzaldehyde 2 g of the previously prepared o-aminothiophenol and 1.695 g of benzaldehyde are charged into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask with 15 ml of glycerol. The reaction is heated for one hour. Afterwards, water is added until precipitate no longer fell out of solution; the precipitate is purified via recrystallization in hot ethanol, thus resulting in 3.034 g of o-phenyl-benzothiazole with a m.p. between 112Â ° C and 114Â ° C. Works Cited Kashiyama E1, Hutchinson I, Chua MS, Stinson SF, Phillips LR, Kaur G, Sausville EA, Bradshaw TD, Westwell AD, Stevens MF. (1999, Oct 7). Antitumor benzothiazoles. 8. Synthesis, metabolic formation, and biological properties of the C- and N-oxidation products of antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514287 Yamamoto K1, Fujita M, Tabashi K, Kawashima Y, Kato E, Oya M, Iso T, Iwao J. (1988, May 31). Novel calcium antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of benzothiazoline derivatives. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3361580 Lee BC1, Kim JS, Kim BS, Son JY, Hong SK, Park HS, Moon BS, Jung JH, Jeong JM, Kim SE. (2011, May 1). Aromatic radiofluorination and biological evaluation of 2-aryl-6- [18F]fluorobenzothiazoles as a potential positron emission tomography imaging probe for ÃŽ ²-amyloid plaques. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478020 Vattoly J. Majo, Jaya Prabhakaran, J.John Mann, J.S. Dileep Kumar (2003, November 17). An efficient palladium catalyzed synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004040390302272X S. V. Ryabukhin, A. S. Plaskon, D. M. Volochnyuk, A. A. Tolmachev (2006). Synthesis of Fused Imidazoles and Benzothiazoles from (Hetero)Aromatic ortho-Diamines or ortho- Aminothiophenol and Aldehydes Promoted by Chlorotrimethylsilane. Retrieved from http://www.organic-chemistry.org/abstracts/lit1/493.shtm Cecilia D. Wilfred Richard J. K. Taylor (2004, December 3) Tandem oxidation processes for t he preparation of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Retrieved from http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2004/OB/b315689c#!divAbstract Brindaban C. Ranu, Ranjan Jana, Suvendu S. Dey (2004, February 2). An Efficient and Green Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzothiazoles in an Ionic Liquid, [pmIm]Br under Microwave Irradiation. Retrieved from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cl/33/3/33_3_274/_article Maleki B, Salehabadi H, Moghaddam MK (2010, September 5). Room-Temperature Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzothiazoles using Sulfuric Acid Immobilized on Silica as a Reusable Catalyst under Heterogeneous Condition. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24061824 Najmedin Azizi, Alireza Khajeh Amiri, Roya Baghi, Mohammad Bolourtchian, Mohammad M. Hashemi (2009, July 21). PTSA catalyzed simple and green synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives in water. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00706- 009-0209-4 A.I. Vogel, A.R. Tatchell, B.S. Furnis, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith (1996). Vogels Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall W. W. Hartman M. R. Brethen (1923). Organic Syntheses (3rd ed.). Planker, Siegfried Baessler, Konrad (1976) US Patent No. 3931321 Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Sarah Canary :: essays research papers fc

Lilian Heker’s “The Stolen Party'; is about a nine-year-old girl named Rosaura who goes to a rich girl’s party. This takes place at a rich girl’s house where her mother works as a maid. Rosaura thinks she is Luciana’s friend but at the end finds out that they could never be friends because of social class difference. The monkey and the magician represent the same kind of relationship between Rosaura and Senora Ines and that is the monkey and Rosaura are both servants, but don’t realize it. What is really going on is both the magician and Senora Ines are taking advantage of them. Symbolism such as the monkey and what the party represents compared to society are used in “The Stolen Party.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Near the middle of the story it is evident how Lilian feels about the social class system. She compares the party to the social class, and how the rich people are on one side and the poorer people are on the opposite side. Heker does not like the social class system and she doesn’t want the reader to like it either. This story shows how the people in the story are the same, but still separated by one big gap and that is class status. The first hint to that was when the girl with the bow talked to Rosaura. “I and Luciana do our homework together,'; said Rosaura very seriously. “That is not being friends,'; the bow headed girl said (614). In that quote what the girl with the bow said that Rosaura was not a friend of Luciana’s just because you do your homework together. She did not understand what real friends are. She thought that friends were made by the social class you are in, which she probably learned from her parents. This represents He ker’s anger about the social class system and she wants you to see how stupid the class system is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another symbolic element that illustrates the theme about social class is how the monkey and the magician have the same relationship as Senora Ines and Rosaura. Senora Ines and the magician are taking advantage of somebody that is clueless as to what is going on. Senora Ines led on Rosaura that she was Luciana’s friend, but she was really there to be part of the help. She found out the hard way as she was leaving the party.

Ethical Dilemma in Hrm

A business can only be sustainable for long term, if it’s practicing ethically. Sustainable businesses are those businesses which are able to make profit for its share holder and provide good employment opportunities for its staff. Similarly sustainable businesses are ones which pay taxes to governments of countries in which it exist. Beside this sustainable businesses are also responsible to contribute to community in which operate. In a perfect world, businesses and their employees would always do the right thing. Unfortunately, in the real world, ethical dilemmas are a common occurrence in the workplace.According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dilemmas are situations or problems where a person has to make a difficult choice; an ethical dilemma is a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act. Employees must deal with pressures to perform and help the company succeed as well as personal temptations to take the easy way out. In the end, workers will likely face many dilemmas in their careers; companies should provide training and information to assist them in making the right decision. Nike  has been accused of using  child labor  in the production of its soccer balls in  Pakistan. Read also â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†Ã‚   by David MametThis case study will examine the claims and describe the industry and its impact on laborers and their working conditions. While Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the government has taken very little action to combat it. Only a boycott by the United States and other nations will have any impact on slavery and child-based industries. Futhermore the U. S constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice and any U. S. company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted.GATT and WTO prohibits member nations, like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of goods made by children. Are dolphins becoming more important than children? A question making WTO to reconsider the children's appeal of the third world. akistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year -meaning that a typical person survives barely on $5 per day. And that's nonot all, Pakistan has a traditional culture where earning of one person goes on feeding 10 mouths; and with the high rate of inflation it becomes difficult for a low income population to survive.Child labor is spread all over Pakistan but has the greatest impact in the north-west of punjab province, that is Sialkot. Pakistan   has a population of approximately 1 million and is an important centre for the production of goods for export to international markets, particularly sporting goods. In 1994,   exports from Sialkot brought income of almost US$ 385 million into the Pakistan economy. Sialkot is thus one of the world’s most important centres for production of sporting goods. Child labor exists in Sialkot both in the export sector and the domestic sector.This fact has been well documented and reported by the international media for several years but nothing has been done about it. In Pakistan it is clearly documented that child labor is against the law, but the government carries lack of willingness to do anything about it. Provision for education is very limited, due to the fact that very low priority is given to education in the national budgets. Education receives around 3% of the total gross domestic product when compared to over ten times of this amount spent on military.Gender and other forms of discrmination plus adding to the lack of political will, gives the clear picture of the existence of child labor in Pakistan. ecently if you go to a shop to buy your child a new soccer ball. There is a good possibility that the ball has been made by someone your child's age or even younger. About half of the world's soccer ball are made in Pakistan, and each one of them passes through a process of production where child labor is involved. This problem not only pertains to Pakistan but is worldwide. More than 200 children, some as young as 4 and 5 years of age, are involved in the production line.Majority of these children work in Asia, e. g in the nations of India, Pa kistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Nike is characterized of making its equipments   in countries which are in the developing phase, having very cheap labor, authoritarian government and lack of human rights appeal and union movement. In doing this it has made greater margins on the cost of mere cents to its workers. So Nike success story is not based on good name and advertising alone but also attached to it is the tears of tortured workers and child labor.A columnist ‘Stephen Chapman'   from Libertarian newspaper argues that â€Å"But why is it unconscionable for a poor country to allow child labor? Pakistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year – meaning that the typical person subsists on barely $5 per day. Is it a a revelation – or a crime – that some parents willingly send their children off to work in a factory to survive? Is it cruel for Nike to give them the chance? †Ã‚   (source: http://www. raincity. com/~williamf/words96. html) St ephen argues that the best way to end child-labor is to buy more of the products that children produce.This would increase their demand, and as they will produce more, they will earn more, hence giving themselves chane to rise above poverty level and thus also benefiting the families of the children and as well as the nation. However, the issue is not that simple. Increasing the demand of the products produced by child labor means encouraging more child labor, encouraging more birth rates, more slavery, increasing sweatshops and discouraging education – as parents of the children working in factories would want them to work more and earn more.If this happened to be the case, then more and more children will be bought and sold on the black market, leading no end to this problem. By encouraging more child labor, you are not only taking away those innocent years from them but also the right to be educated and the right to be free. Nike – a good chess player As a good ches s player Nike always thinks ahead of its movement. It does not launch its production directly in to the developing country, such as Pakistan, but instead it subcontracts it to them by selecting a local firm.When doing this, the local firm, in this case SAGA sports,   has to abide by the Nike's international rules and regulations when producing its goods. And it is the duty of the international firm (NIKE) to monitor its subcontracted production units and hold   it to tight scrutuny. But this is not what really happens. Both Nike and the local production company aims to minimize cost and earn the highest amounts of profit   thus involving themselves in illegal practices, such as child labor, a practice which is not so highlighted by the government of the host developing country.So what happens when you question Nike about its labor practices? An answer comes that it is not they who are involved in this illegal labor practices but   it is the local subcontracter who is doing s o. This is wrong to say as Nike and SAGA sports both benefits with access to cheap child labor in Pakistan. And if Nike cannot control its subcontracted plants, it means they have not implemented their rules and regulations effectively and is not abiding by the international standards which they have set for themselves. Nike's entrance in to the Pakistani markets was the part of its long term strategic planning.It is false to explain that Nike didn't knew that child labor is an ages-old practice in Pakistan. Nike went into Pakistan, having full knowledge of the favorable conditions prevailing in terms of child labor and has taken no precautions whatsoever to prevent the use of child labor in the production of its soccer balls. Instead Nike has made a profit from its Pakistani contractors who inturn has used bonded child labor in the production process. Critically analyzing the situation, â€Å"Why Nike always land up in places having cheap or bonded labors or in places where it can easily get away with illegal labor practices? Examples incude: Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. Nike simply bases its operations on finding the lowest-cost labor to make its products. Twelve-year-old girls work in Indonesian sweatshops 70 hours a week making Nike shoes in unhealthy plants. According to a Foulball campaign report, Nike has refused twice to have a check in their Saga-managed center in Pakistan while on the other hand Nike's rival Reebok readily granted access to its Moltex-managed center in Pakistan. Nike has the habit of hiding behind its good public image and its effective means of promotions and advertising.Nike attempts to create a good public image by offering charity, donating equipments and never passing an opportunity to remind the public that it has set up stitching centers in places such as Sialkot, Pakistan. How it all started – Consumer awareness 1996 When the June, 1996 issue of Life magazine carried an article about chil d labor in Pakistan, Nike knew that it was   in trouble. The article's lead photograph showed 12-year-old Tariq surrounded by the pieces of a Nike soccer ball   which he would spend most of a day stitching together for the grand sum of 60 cents.In a matter of weeks, activists all across   Canada and the United States were standing in front of Nike outlets, holding up Tariq's photo. And yet, Nike has not done an especially good job of scrutinizing the subcontractors with which it's working. Nor has it been open about its labor practices in the way public companies should be expected to be. Cameramen have been pushed out of factory floors. Supervisors at a plant in Vietnam apparently beat workers being paid 20 cents an hour and refused to allow them to leave their work posts. Indonesian labor organizers has been put behind bars.And, most troubling, nearly all the soccer balls made in Pakistan have been revealed to be made by young children getting paid just cents a day. Nike cha irman Phil Knight also acknowledged that a shipment of soccer balls Nike purchased in Pakistan in the year 1996 was made by a subcontractor using child labor in â€Å"horrible conditions. † Although 1996 was the first year in which real public attention was focused on Nike's labor practices abroad, it's important to recognize that manufacturing shoes in low-wage countries was, from the start, a crucial part of Phil Knight's plan for his company.In other words,   American jobs have not been shipped abroad. On the contrary, Nike has never made shoes in the United States. Its first factories, built in the 1960s, were in Japan, when that country was still a part of the Third World. And since thirty years Nike have migrating from nation to nation, arriving as countries install the necessary mechanisms for orderly business operations and leaving as living standards become too high to make manufacturing profitable. Nike â€Å"not  Just do it  but  Do it right. â€Å"This i s the first time that Nike has had to face real questions about its labor practices abroad, the first time that it has felt a public-relations impact. At this point, that impact does not seem at all devastating. While in the short run Americans are generally horrified by the issue of child labor and has expressed concern over the working conditions in foreign factories, Nike should take immediate actions in order to provide remedy to all the activism it faces, otherwise it can prove devastating for the company's image in the long run. The basic truth about Nike is that its only real strength is its good name.Nike rules because of all the good things people associate with the company: sharp ads, Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, little Penny, and Michael Jordan again. If â€Å"beaten workers† and â€Å"child labor† get added to that list, then Nike's greatest asset will be lost. Now the burden is on the company both to do a better job of   implementing company-wide global standards of conduct and also to improve its openness to the media. The more you hide, after all, the more people think you have something to hide. Every hand that goes up, hurts Nike in the public eye. And when you're a consumer company, that's the only eye that matters.Consumers — â€Å"Just don't do it. † dership by example: The CEO of Nike and the senior managers of the company need to be openly and strong committed to the social responsibility and ethical conduct. They must give constant leadership in renewing the ethical values and the social responsibility of the company. The management must be active in communicating about the company’s commitment in the speeches, directives, company publications and especially in actions too. The CEO along with the company’s managers is the ones that set the tone of the organization most clearly by their behavior.Code of ethics: Code of ethics state that the values or behaviors that are expected and those that wi ll not be tolerated backed up by management’s actions. (Schuler & Jackson,   2007)       Ethical structures: ethical structure actually represents the various systems, positions and programs that a company can undertake to implement a social effort and ethical behavior. An ethics committee is a group of executives under the CEO to oversee the company’s ethics and CSR efforts, for example, the Nike committee that conducts corporate social responsibility efforts.Whistle blowing: employee disclosure of illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices on the employer’s part is called whistle blowing. No organization like Nike can rely only on codes of conduct to prevent such kinds of behavior. When there are no effective protective measures, whistle blowers suffer and the company may continue its unethical or illegal activities. The CEO and the management of Nike should make sure that the managers are trained well so that they view whistle blowing as a benefit and n ot a threat. (Schuler & Jackson,   2007)

Modern Management 4_PD

The job description is a list of particular activities or tasks an employee should undertake in an organization under the particular position he/she holds.   It is a sort of a formal statement and is highly specific to an employee in order to avoid creating confusion.   If a job description is clear, the employee can center on his goals within the organization and can succeed.   The organization would also become more efficient.   An individual would have to perform certain tasks or make sure that another person executes those tasks. The job description helps the employees to bring about certain levels in performance and act as a guide to help them achieve their goals.   The manager of the organization delegates the job description so that each and every employee can perform their activities.   The activities should be distributed in such a manner that efficiency and effectiveness of the employee is brought about. The process of allocating the work and doing the job analysis varies from time to time and depends on several factors including the aims and objectives of the organization and the conditions prevailing.   There may be three issues related to responsibility, namely, distributing the job activities, being responsible and clarifying the job activities of the managers.   The process of job analysis involves several processes including:- 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   determining the aims and objectives of the organization 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   determine the jobs to be performed to achieve these objectives 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   accumulating the available job descriptions 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preparing the job analysis questionnaire (has the job title, summary, duties to be performed, time allocations, relationships with others in the organization, educational qualifications required, etc) 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   any other issues have to be addressed accordingly 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additional activities in case the data gaps are still present such as interview questionnaire, performance appraisals, organizational surveys, discussions, etc. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A final job description is then prepared 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The employees should be made more responsible for performing their duties The outbreak of the internet has made mangers to focus heavily on this segment and make job descriptions to suit these positions.   The data regarding various organizational functions is specifically analyzed and handled using programs.   One of the main duties of an information analyst is to design and create new programs that can be custom-made to suit the end-user.   The internet is having a major role in modifying the job descriptions as more efficient ways of helping the employees to achieve the objectives of the organization are discovered.   The programmers are concentrating on the internet rather than programming to ensure that their information systems are adjusted to suit current trend. This technology has permitted the employees to interact more closely with the clients.   For an organization to succeed, high connectivity internet along with adequate broadband capabilities is required.   The organizational information should be available to the clients in order to bring about success.   The management could also use the internet to make money (as internet business is a trend nowadays).   It is very important that an organization concentrates on the internet, as it could play a major role in bringing about success of the organization. Organizational chart is the manner in which the work of the company or organization is distributed to bring about efficiency and effectiveness.   The matrix organizations are the modifications of the traditional organizational setup to bring about certain changes that would enable completion of certain activities.   The changing of the organizational chart to suit the specific needs is known as project organizations’. The organization I belong to has 4 divisions, namely, the clinical trials department, the data management department, the biochemical department and the bioengineering department.   Each of these departments would be having two phases, namely, the resources allocation phase and the market phase, along with support to the projects that exist within the organization.   Each project would have a production unit, engineering and research unit, logistics unit, HR unit and the accounts and administration unit.   These units could be further divided into project A, B, C, D, etc. Each of these projects has an in-charge manager.   The work would usually flow or begin from the accounts unit (For allocations of resources), human resource unit, logistics units, engineering and research unit (for development of technology) and finally into the production unit.   Once a particular project is completed, then the organization would get back to the traditional chart in which each of the units are not subdivided as per the projects existing. Having such a structural organizational chart has several benefits and limitations.   The ability to manage the workflow, client satisfaction levels, development time, costs, quality, etc, can easily be controlled.   However, organizational charts can bring about difficulty in operations and conflicts in handling day to day issues.   Sometimes, it may be very difficult to manage such an organization.   The organization should be interested in changing the present traditional organizational setup into a matrix model to suit the changing needs which may be short-term. The organization would be having several departments as each of tense departments would be under a particular manager.   Each of these managers would be having several units and each of these units would be contributing to a particular project.   Each of these projects would be sharing some of the fixed log-term resources with another project. In my organization, all the five units exist, namely the accounts unit, personal unit, logistics unit and the production unit are existent.   Wrigley’s chewing gum brought about lot of changes the structure of the organization, and modifications were observed to all the units.   These departments help to eliminate or add certain activities exercised by the organization.   The flow of work in an organization can be brought about one factor that lies before one of these criteria. The Wrigley’s experience is a situation in which all the five units or levels are present and have to be managed to ensure the proper flow of work.   The extent of success achieved by one product or services various depending on several factors which may be the motivational levels of the staff, incentives provided, proper logistic management, conducting adequate amount of research and finally creating the product or service. References: Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Organianl aChange and Stress, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 299-322.