Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness The words and expression cerca, cercano and cerca de are regularly utilized in Spanish to demonstrate vicinity or closeness in area, time, number or degree. Most regular is cerca de, which is utilized as a relational word. Basic interpretations incorporate by, close, about and near: Cerca de 12 millones de personas sern vacunadas contra la fiebre amarilla. Around 12 million individuals will be immunized against yellow fever. Feed muchos hoteles cerca de Disney World. There are numerous lodgings by Disney World. Quiero estar cerca de ti siempre. I need to consistently be near you. Los activistas dicen que Cataluã ±a est cerca de la aboliciã ³n de la tauromaquia. The activists state Catalonia is near stopping bullfighting. Despliega Colombia 22 batallones cerca del lã ­mite con Venezuela. Colombia is sending 22 forces close to the fringe with Venezuela. Feed una buena probabilidad de que veamos una estabilizaciã ³n de los precios cerca de febrero o marzo, dijo el presidente. Theres a decent possibility well observe an adjustment of costs around February or March, the president said. Cerca without anyone else works as a modifier: El blade del mundo est cerca. The apocalypse is close. Roughage cuatro tranvã ­as que pasan cerca. There are four trolleys that pass close by. Tan cerca y a la misma vez tan lejos. So close, but so distant. El asteroide pasar tan cerca que podremos verlo. The space rock will pass so close well have the option to see it. El triunfo est cerca. Triumph is close. The descriptive word structure is cercano: Tenemos una casa cercana al aeropuerto. We have a house close to the air terminal. Descubre tus cinco amigos ms cercanos en Facebook. Locate your five dearest companions on Facebook. El futuro (aã ºn no cercano) est en la computaciã ³n sub-atomic. The future (however not the not so distant future) is in atomic figuring. A couple of related words have different implications: The action word cercar commonly intends to encompass or to encase: Los estudiantes cercaron las oficinas. The understudies encompassed the offices.The thing la cerca normally alludes to a fence or divider. El concepto de la cerca electrificada fue descrita por primera vez por Mark Twain. The idea of an electrified barrier was depicted just because by Mark Twain.The state acerca de as a rule implies about in the feeling of concerning: Hablaban acerca de nosotros. They were discussing us.

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay In a Bull Market, the financial exchange encounters a general ascent in costs and stock exchanging volume for shares over some undefined time frame. While in a Bear Market, the Stock market encounters a general decrease in costs of stock. Not all stocks experience a decrease in esteem, however most do. 2) Stock Market Crash-(1929) Plunge in securities exchange costs that denoted the start of the Great Depression. 3) New Deal-the noteworthy period (1933-1940) in the U. S. during which President Franklin Roosevelts monetary strategies were actualized. Three parts of the New Deal. The principal R was the push to help the 33% of the populace that was hardest hit by the downturn, ; included standardized savings and joblessness protection. The subsequent R was the exertion in various projects to reestablish the economy to typical wellbeing, accomplished by 1937. At long last, the third R let government intercession balance out the economy by adjusting the interests of ranchers, business and work. There was no significant enemy of trust program. 4) 100 Days-FDR started sending bill after bill to Congress. Between March 9 and June 16, 1933 which came to be known as the HUNDRED DAYS. Congress passed 15 significant acts to meet the financial emergency establishing a tone for new enactment that has never been risen to. Later got known as first New Deal. 5) Bank Holiday-shutting of banks for four days during the Great Depression, March 6-10. Roosevelt pronounced this occasion to introduction opening banks on a sounder premise. 6) Dust Bowl-Late in 1933 a delayed dry spell struck the conditions of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. The subsequent residue storms were brought about by dry spell, wind, and dry-cultivating procedures and automation. Countless displaced people fled their demolished sections of land. ) Brain Trust-Group of master approach consultants who worked with FDR during the 1930s to end the incredible sadness. 8) Social Security-ensured retirement installments for selected laborers starting at age 65; set up government state arrangement of joblessness protection and care for subordinate moms and youngsters, the incapacitated, and general wellbeing 9) Court Packing-Roosevelts proposition in 1937 to change the Supreme Court by delegating an extra equity for each equity over age 70; after the Courts activities in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to accept that a few judges were distant from the countries needs. Congress trusted Roosevelts proposition imperiled the Courts autonomy and said no. 10) NRA/â€Å"Blue Eagle†-The National Recovery Administration was intended to help industry, work, and the jobless. Work, under the NRA, was allowed extra advantages. Laborers were ensured the option to arrange and deal all things considered through delegates based on their very own preference. A blue bird was depicted as the image of the NRA. 11) SEC-In 1934, Congress found a way to ensure people in general against extortion, trickiness, and inside controls. It approved the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was structured as a guard dog authoritative office. 12) WPA-New Deal program that gave help to the jobless in fields, for example, theater, writing, amusement, and workmanship. One of the biggest letters in order offices. 13) Herbert Hoover-President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Republican up-and-comer who accepted the administration in March 1929 promising the American individuals thriving and endeavored to initially manage the Depression by attempting to reestablish open confidence in the network. 4) Franklin Roosevelt-He was president from 1933-1945 and was chosen multiple times, he drove the countrys recuperation from the Depression and to triumph in World War II. He kicked the bucket in office, be that as it may, only weeks before Germanys give up. He is commonly viewed as the best president since Abraham Lincoln. 15) Eleanor Roosevelt-FDRs Wife and New Deal supporter. She was an incredible supporter of social equality and contradicted the Jim Crow laws. She additionally worked for conception prevention and better conditions for working ladies. 16) Huey Long-Senator of Louisiana, who was said to have more metal than an administration donkey. He utilized his copious riffraff animating gifts to advertise his â€Å"Share Our Wealth† program, which vowed to make â€Å"Every Man a King. Each family was to get $5000, as far as anyone knows to the detriment of the prosperous. Dread of Long’s turning into a fundamentalist despot finished when he was shot by a professional killer in the Louisiana state legislative hall in 1935. 17) Isolationism-Abstention from partnerships and other universal political and financial relations. American international strategy. It’s what America endeavors to do so as to keep out of European issues and wars. 8) Appeasement-Policy sought after by the Western majority rules systems towards Nazi Germany, consenting to concessions in which Hitlers requests to attach the German-occupied Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia were submitted to in order to achieve harmony presently; in spite of the fact that Hitler guaranteed the Sudetenland would be his last regional case, he broke this promi se just a couple of months after the fact. 19) Fascism versus Socialism Fascism is a political framework headed by a tyrant that calls for outrageous patriotism and prejudice and no resistance of restriction. Socialism is a political framework portrayed by a halfway arranged economy with all monetary and political force resting in the hands of the focal government. 20) Blitzkrieg-Tactics utilized by Germany in attack of Poland in 1939. Additionally called lightning war. Included an unexpected assault, and afterward overpowering with power! 21) Pearl Harbor-was the site of an unforeseen assault on an American maritime armada by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The United States endured 3,000 setbacks and the loss of a few maritime and airplanes. Also, Congress announced war on Japan the next day, and Italy and France before long. 2) Midway-(fight) It was a U. S. maritime triumph over the Japanese armada in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best plane carrying warships. It denoted a defining moment in World War II. 23) D-Day-June 6, 1944 Led by Eisenhower, over a million soldiers (the biggest intrusion power ever) raged the sea shores at Normandy and started the proc edure of re-taking France. It was the defining moment of World War II. 24) Japanese Internment- Brought out through Executive Order 9066, which removed numerous Japanese families from their homes and into internment camp. Persuaded (to some degree) by bigotry and dread of spies. 5) Hiroshima/Nagasaki-The first dropped on August 6, 1945 and the second dropped on August 9, 1945. These two occasions are the main dynamic arrangements of atomic weapons in war to date. For a half year, the United States had utilized extreme key fire-shelling of 67 Japanese urban areas. US educated for give up of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945. The Japanese government overlooked this final proposal. By official request of President Harry S. Truman, the U. S. dropped the atomic weapon Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, trailed by the explosion of Fat Man over Nagasaki on August 9. 6) Occupation of Japan-Occupied by American armed force under MacArthur, he did his program for the democratization of japan with dazzling achievement. Top Japanese war hoodlums were attempted in Tokyo. The Japanese coordinated to surprising degree when they saw that great conduct and the appropriation of majority rule government would speed the finish of the occupation. a MacArthur-directed constitution repudiated militarism and presented western-style law based government making ready for an extraordinary financial recuperation that inside a couple of decades made japan one of universes mightiest mechanical forces. Control of Germany-Four zones France in the southwest, Russia in the east, us in the south, and UK in the upper east. Similarly, berlin was part into east and west. This kept up that Germany would be nonaggressive while remaking and under unified and Russian control. 28) Douglas MacArthur-(1880-1964), U. S. general. Administrator of U. S. (later Allied) powers in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he acknowledged Japans give up in 1945 and managed the resulting Allied occupation. He was responsible for UN powers in Korea 1950-51, preceding being compelled to give up order by President Truman. 29) Dwight D. Eisenhower-Supreme Commander of the US Forces in Europe during World War II; became president and during his two terms managed the monetarily prosperous 1950s. He was adulated for his poise and goodness, however scrutinized for not being increasingly self-assured on social equality 30) Admiral Yamamoto-Japanese chief naval officer who arranged Pearl Harbor Attack. Japan subtly rolled in from the North.

QA with SIPA Fellow and author Hollie Russon Gilman COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

QA with SIPA Fellow and author Hollie Russon Gilman COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Hollie Russon Gilman, a postdoctoral scholar and fellow in technology and public policy at SIPA, is an expert in technology, civic engagement, and governance. Gilman recently published the book  Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America  as part of a series from the Harvard Kennedy School’s Ash Center entitled Innovative Governance in the 21st  Century.  She is currently co-teaching (with Ari Wallach) the SIPA course Technology and the Future of Governance and Public Policy, which expands upon some of the themes in her book. Of all the civic tech innovations that you mention in your book, why did you choose to focus on participatory budgeting? I focus on participatory budgeting because its an example of one of the most evolved democratic innovations occurring to engage citizens in decisionmaking. It started in Brazilâ€"in Porto Alegre in 1989â€"and its been implemented in over 2,500 localities, coming to the United States with $1 million dollars in one Chicago ward. Now upwards of $50 million dollars are decided by this process in the country. It’s a process to engage everyday people to identify budget needs in their area and work with government officials to draft viable budget proposals for the community to vote upon. The government, in turn, implements the projects decided by people every step of the way. Participatory budgeting is a useful lens for understanding innovation because it is a successful example of creating an infrastructure for civic engagement. In the book, you discuss a tension between the perceived inefficiency of governance processes like participatory budgeting with the streamlining of service delivery promised by leveraging new technology. How should policymakers reconcile this tension? At times we over-value things like ease and efficiency in public policy and undervalue the import of effectiveness. Making governance decisions is not like withdrawing cash from an ATM machine. You want your ATM machine to be there, you want it to be quick, and to be efficient, but there are other norms that are important when you think about democratic governance. For example: legitimacy, transparency, trust, and civic engagement can sometimes be at odds with an entirely mechanized or purely efficient processes. We need to take seriously what it means to do democratic innovation and civic participation effectively, and how digital tools can serve as amplifiers, and not the other way around. Do you see this as a return to a certain ideal of small government? In the book, you mention Robert Dahl’s conception of democracy as a polis. Absolutely. In the ideal of the Athenian city-state, it was a very small area. People knew one another. They could talk to each other. Perhaps, somewhat counterintuitively, technology holds the potential to enable re-engagement on a more local level. We’re seeing these trendsâ€"people at the same time being more networked and also being hyperlocal, and investing in their communities, returning to their communities, and wanting to be part of them. Thus, there are questions about how technology could potentially amplify these engagements. think it can, but I think it takes intentionality. Is there a way to objectively prove your thesis, that democratic engagement improves the governance process? We definitely need more data. We need further research on these kinds of innovations, and their effectiveness. At the same time, we have to be careful about how we determine metrics. What are we measuring? Is it the number of people participating? Who is participating? Is it just the usual suspects? Diversity can also mean a lot of different things. It can mean your civic background. Are you someone whos participated before? Are you an English speaker? There is also a certain variable thats very important, which is hard to measure. And thats, do you feel efficacious? Do I, as an individual citizen, living in a polity, feel I am a part of my government? Its very hard to quantify that. Several democratic governments are facing a crisis of trust in governance institutions. People dont think their institutions are working for them. Theyre very disillusioned on the national scale. Given this democratic deficit, we need further democratic experimentation. Studying democratic innovation is not necessarily about proving people right or wrong. Rather, it’s about studying emergent phenomena, whichâ€"even if they are not perfectâ€"can generate momentum to deepen democratic engagement. When you talk to the individuals who participate, they often talk about what a transformative process it is.  Even if they were frustrated or processes were more costly than expected, they were happy to be a part of the processâ€"and that within itself is transformative. Sometimes we are scared to open processes up to everyday people because theyre too messy or theyre too complicated. People can understand complex issues if you just take the time to explain them; but were so worried about criticism. Government is risk averse. Electoral systems make people risk averse, for due reason, but we need to be able to experiment and take some risks. So thats why manyâ€"but not allâ€"of the book’s innovations are on the local level, where people can have a little more room for experimentation. Civic tech is more than just adopting new tools; its about a shift in mindset, right? Yes. It’s about pushing the envelope of how we typically do things.   This includes greater experimentation, taking risks, and learning from “failure,” which can be difficult in legacy institutions. There are other reasons why its difficult too; if you have public funds, you want to be cautious with how you use those dollars. In the book I discuss opportunities for multi-sector actors to catalyze innovations.  For example, there are opportunities where civil society, industry, philanthropy, or other kinds of resources, like university resourcesâ€"such as smart SIPA studentsâ€"could buttress taxpayer dollars. Could you address SIPA’s Tech and Policy initiative? Why is it important for policy students to learn about technology? Tech Policy at SIPA is an exciting new initiative, which includes the Deans Challenge grant in addition to new courses, convenings, and research. It’s examining several verticals of how technology can impact public policy. I think for tomorrows leaders across sectors, who want to effect change and solve important social problems, technology will be an increasingly important part of the equation. Leaders who can understand people, politics, and institutions, in addition to technology, will be very well equipped to catalyze change. â€" interview by Lindsay Fuller MPA ’16

Character Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles

Thesis and Outline Paper And Analytical Paper Darlene Shields Professor: Amber Forcey Engl 202 May 10, 2016 Thesis and Outline Paper 2 In both A Rose for Emily written by William Faulkner and Trifles written by Susan Glaspell loneliness, poverty and isolation consume the lives of the characters. Susan Glaspell’s play â€Å"Trifles† written in 1916. In this play the author’s talks of her preoccupation with culture- bound notions of gender and sex roles. Glaspell says women are considered trifles which mean they are not important to society which is carried out by men (Baym, p. 742). In Trifles written by Susan Glaspell the time is in the early 20th century. When Glaspell wrote â€Å"Trifles† in 1916 the male society denied women the right to vote and limited their opportunities in Glaspell’s play she presented one radical woman rebel who goes to the extreme to free herself from male dominance (Baym, p742). Mrs. Wright is accused of killing her husband in â€Å"Trifle† and Emily in A Rose for Emily she kills her boyfriend. â€Å"A Rose for Emily â€Å"written by William F aulkner during the time before the Civil War which focuses on periods from 1894 to 1935 (Baym, p, 994). â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is Faulkner’s best story and also one of the best written by any modern American writer. Faulkner uses â€Å"A Rose for Emily† to comment on how the South refused to accept the historical and social change. â€Å"Trifles and A Rose for Emily† have female characters who commit murder out of fear,Show MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of Susan Glaspells Trifles1788 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Natures in Susan Glaspells Trifles A trifle is something that has little value or importance, and there are many seeming trifles in Susan Glaspells one-act play Trifles. The irony is that these trifles carry more weight and significance than first seems to be the case. Just as Glaspells play ultimately reveals a sympathetic nature in Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, the evidence that the men investigators fail to observe, because they are blind to the things that have importanceRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to w omenRead MoreWoman Have Historically Been Trapped In The Domestic Sphere1837 Words   |  8 Pagesfollow the demands of their husbands. While feminism began to spread rapidly in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, women still didn’t have right to vote or serve on a jury. As a result, many writers, especially woman, began to produce many pieces of literature that commented on the unfair treatment of woman. One of the highest praised feminist pieces of literature is the one act play, Trifles by Susan Glaspell written in 1916. Based loosely on a murder trial she covered in 1901, she explores the lifeRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles : Gender Differences And Stereotyping Explored2016 Words   |  9 PagesSusan Glaspell’s Trifles: Gender Differences and Stereotyping Explored Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a dramatic play with satirical content that points out gender differences and how stereotyping affects perceptions of duty, justice, and law. Glaspell wrote Trifles in 1916, a time in America where women were consistently expected to be housewives and nothing more. Women’s limitations were clearly a spark of inspiration and reason for Glaspell to write Trifles, criticizing society with feministic intelligenceRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1408 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up in Iowa in the 1800s and 1900s, Susan Glaspell took inspiration for many of her stories from personal experiences. As a former courthouse reporter herself, Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is based largely on her involvement with a murder case and a kitchen she recalled investigating. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† a rendition of her early play, Trifles, focuses on the homicide of an abusive husband by his wife. While the men investigating the case overlook the various signs of abuseRead More The Importance of Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters in Susan Glaspells Trifles1112 Words   |  5 Pages The patented murder mystery, in all its addictive predictability, presents the audience with numerous cliches: a stormy night, a shadowy figure, a sinister butler, and a mysterious phone call. Susan Glaspells Trifles does not fit this mold. Glaspells mysterious inquiry into the murder of John Wright presents the reader with only one suspect, Mrs. Wright. Even though the court examiner and sheriff cannot find evidence against Mrs. Wright, the reader can plausibly argue the case against the neglectedRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Susan Glaspell Trifles The play, Trifles by Susan Glaspell shows her preoccupation with gender and sex roles as notions of culture. The author is spells out the treatment of women as mere trifles in the society, as less important when compared to men. This calls for the questioning of the role of both men and women in the society with regard to the value and devalue given to perspective and knowledge. The reader should thus realize that women have an important role to play in theRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 3309 Words   |  14 Pagesit’s all just a different kind of the same thing† (561) is a line spoken in Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles. Writers look at the world around them and envision the way it should be. They take bits and pieces of their life’s landscape, add a liberal dose of surreal ideology and finally toss in human oppressions. To that end, the writer hopes to create a memorable character that can touch the human soul for eternity. Susan Glaspell, a writer in the early twentieth century, lived during a time when womenRead MoreGender Roles in the Play Trifles Essay3006 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstanding and sense of relief on this suppressing stereotype. Opening up the ideology of gender roles, there are many things that determine how we associate gender and sex with peoples’ identities. The article, â€Å"The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender Roles: An Introduction to a Special Issue† written by Rudy Rena, Lucy Popova, and Daniel Linz, demonstrates the idea of symbols representing our sex and gender and are explained by bringing up social influences associated with our sexual

The Unspoken Captivity Retrospectives On Human Trafficking

The Unspoken Captivity: Retrospectives on Human Trafficking Brandon Howell, Kyounga McElroy, Susan Pawlak, Barbara Gardner Davenport University The Unspoken Captivity: Retrospectives on Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a method of modern day slavery which entails the illegal trade of persons for sexual exploitation or forced labor. Each year thousands of men, women and children are victims of this suppression. Countless countries including the United States are affected by trafficking. Habitually, traffickers tend to prey on a perceived vulnerability, whether it is through a promise of money, employment, or better opportunities not normally afforded to the victim. Ultimately, the victims later find themselves trapped and manipulated and held against his or her will for the price of profit or involuntary servitude. Several organizations and governments across the globe, have implemented approaches to eradicate human trafficking. Unfortunately, the attempts to abolish this crime against human rights seems impossible to stop due to the ever-growing demand. Discovery Human trafficking involves the selling of human beings for a profit through forced labor and the illegal movement of people. From the National Institute of Justice (2012) cited â€Å"The United Nations defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose including

Beauty May Only Be Skin Deep Free Essays

While many postulate that beauty is not the most important thing in a person’s life, reality sometimes dealt people with a hard blow. New parents are always anxious that their child would look good not only for their sake but mostly for the child’s sake. Society may well deny that beauty is not a hindrance to success and popularity but even as people are growing up, the good-looking girls and boys get more attention and are forgiven their mischiefs with the proper contrite looks on angelic faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty May Only Be Skin Deep or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relatives and friends would always remark on how beautiful a child is. Even if grown ups know that beauty is just skin deep, it is deeply entrenched in society that it becomes automatic and a point of conversation. In the job market, applicants try their best to look good because it could only be their edge against many others. The Economist says in an article that if appearance is not important in a job, why would people take the trouble of dressing up? Particularly in jobs that involve dealing with people, employers would require, without including it in the requirements, that the candidates should be pleasing to the eyes. For instance, a flight attendant need not finish college but she must have perfect skin and teeth. For no apparent reason other than having perfect skin is good to look at, airline companies would prefer a college drop-out with stunning good looks rather than a comparatively more intelligent person whose physical appearance is not as flawless. In interpersonal relationships, people tend to gravitate toward beautiful people because they are generally thought to be more fun to be with. People who possess natural beauty could turn out fun and outgoing if they are not blinded and spoilt by too much adoration in their formative years. Many gorgeous celebrities are often caught behaving disorderly in public because their adoring public make sometimes make them blind to their faults. References Women’s Health/Gynecology. (2008, August 19). America’s Beauty Obsession Poses Serious Consequences for Women and Girls, Report Reveals. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/118588. php The Economist. (2007, December 19). To Those That Have, Shall be Given. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from http://results. myhpf. co. uk/framedresults. asp? Keyword=beauty+and+job+ How to cite Beauty May Only Be Skin Deep, Papers

Advertising Roles free essay sample

The main difference between them is hat the in-house agencies have only the sole purpose to work for their own company. Advertising agencies are creating, managing and planning all aspects of their client s advertising. (Duncan, Advertising agency The Advertising Definition for Advertising Agency) The first role we are talking about is the Account Executive (AH). The key role Of an Advertising agency Account Executive is to maintain the good relationship between the client and the agency. He is responsible for the communication between the creative team and the client and is the person who pitches the work to the client.An Account Executive usually handles four client accounts at a time. Account Executives have to have a special set of skills: he has to be well-organized, to have professional appearance; he must handle pressure well and be willing to travel to the client. (Duncan, Advertising Agency Account Executive Career profile) A typical day of an Account Executive starts whit contacting the creative department and checking the status of the client s jobs and if they will be finished in time. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising Roles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has to contact all his clients at least once a day to check on updates and on upcoming projects.He then has to review and resent concepts and layouts to the client for approval and finally communicate the feedback from the client back to the creative department and discus the next steps in the campaign. A common misconception about Account Executives is that they are part of the creative department however an Account Executive is not creating or designing any material, his role is to manage the clients accounts and being the contact between agency and client. (Duncan, Advertising Agency Account Executive Career Profile) The next role we will talk about is the Creative Director (CD) in an advertising agency.Creative Director is the overseer of the creative team and helps to develop the creative products for the clients. His team usually includes copywriters and designers; he also works with the Account Executives to ensure that creative goals are on track and the client s needs are meet. A Creative Director has to create every aspect of the campaign based on the client ;s marketing plan, he has to create concepts for the client and verify that the deadlines for the clients are met. The glory is assigned to the Creative Director if the campaign is a success but he also has to take the blame if the aiming fails. Duncan, Advertising Agency Creative Director Career profile) The special skills which a Creative director needs include having experience in Photos, Illustrator, Undersign and Flash. He needs to have solid background in copycatting and design and have the ability to lead a team. (Duncan, Advertising Agency Creative Director Career Profile) A typical day of a Creative Director starts with attending strategy meetings for new business then he meets with the creative team and checks the status of current project and assigns new tasks and projects to the team.His task is to lead rainstorm sessions with the creative team to create campaigns based on the clients needs. He creates the advertising proposal for the client ;s and pitches the concepts to them. (Duncan, Advertising Agency Creative Director Career Profile) Creative Directors are confused by many people with Art Director when in fact the Creative Director oversees the entire department which includes Art Directors, designers and copywriters. (Duncan, Advertising Agency Creative Director Career Profile) The third role we will talk about is the Art Director (AD) in an Advertising agency.The role of an Art Director is to rate and designing ads, websites, brochures and outdoor media on behalf of the client fo r the advertising agency. The Art Director is creating and maintaining the visual look for all the accounts he is working on. He has to make sure that his designs are visually engaging and have a clear selling message. Often an advertising agency will group an Art Director with a copywriter to create basic advertising ideas, campaign concepts and websites. After the agency has selected the direction in which the campaign goes, the responsibility to design the finished works is handed to the Art Director.Sharks) An Art Director should be able to manage a project, in multiple media, from concept trough production. He needs the ability to translate the marketing strategy into layouts, logos and packaging and need a strong background in design. As with the advancement of theology Art Directors need to know HTML and PH. (Sharks) The typical day of an Art Director is to design ads, websites and brochures on a computer, to attend brainstorming sessions with the other members of the creative team to create new concepts for business presentations. He usually meets with properties to create new concepts for advertising campaigns. Sharks) The last role in an advertising agency we will look at the Media Director. The Media Director is the overseer of the media department and has the responsibility to manage the need of the clients media buying and planning. He is responsible for placing ads in magazines and newspapers as well as TV and radio. The placement of the advertising is calculated trough research and analytical models to determine the best placement depending on the client s goals and budget. (Duncan, Media Director Career Profile) A Media Director deeds to have the skills to work with a wide range of people including clients and his own staff.He also needs to be able to analyses research data to determine the best placement for the client need and have excellent communication skills; also a professional appearance is strongly needed for the Position of a Media Director. (Duncan, Media Director Career Profile) The typical day of a Media Director includes meeting with the media sales representatives then attending strategy meeting for new business. He is pitching to potential clients and contacts current clients to discuss their rent project. The Media Director contacts the media department to check the status of current client accounts and to plan future media buys.The role of a Media Director is often associated with the one of a Media Planner or Media Buyer but in fact the Media Director is managing the media department and is standing above the Media Buyer and Media Planer. Media Planners and buyers usually handle few accounts where the Media Director is handling all accounts and is responsible for them. (Duncan, Media Director Career Profile) We now have talked about four major roles in an advertising agency however there is no clear rule how the roles and names in an agency are defined, so the agency roles are very volatile and can differ from agency to agency or from country to country.It is only the structure of the agency that defines each role however a clear and standardized typology and role definition should be used so no confusions are created. We see that every role from the Account Executive to the Media Director has a high impact on the final campaign. Where the Account Executive is working on the front side of the agency, the Creative Director and the Art Director are working on the actual campaign and the Media Director is working on the placement of the campaign created by his colleges.

The Economic Development Of Ghana Essays - , Term Papers

The Economic Development of Ghana Ghana is an African country located on the western side of Africa. Its neighbors are Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and Cote D'Ivoire to the west. It has a population of 18,100, 703 and a population density of 197 people per square mile. Ghana is 92,098 square miles and English is its official language. The capital city of Accra has around 1, 673,000 people residing in it. There are the physical statistics, now onto the more interesting part.

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples Ions are atoms or molecules that carry a net electrical charge. There are different types of ions, including cations, anions, and spectator ions. Spectator Ion Definition A spectator ion is an ion that exists in the same form on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction. Spectator ions may be either cations (positively-charged ions) or anions (negatively-charged ions). The ion is unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation and does not affect equilibrium. When writing a net ionic equation, spectator ions found in the original equation are ignored. Thus, the total ionic reaction is different from the net chemical reaction. Spectator Ion Examples Consider the reaction between sodium chloride (NaCl) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) in aqueous solution. 2 NaCl (aq) CuSO4 (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The ionic form of this reaction is: 2 Na (aq) 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq) SO42- (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The sodium ions and sulfate ion are the spectator ions in this reaction. They appear unchanged in both the product and reactant side of the equation. These ions just spectate while the other ions form the copper chloride. These ions are canceled out of a reaction to write the net ionic equation, so the net ionic equation for this example would be: 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™ CuCl2 (s) Although spectator ions are ignored in the net reaction, they affect the Debye length. Table of Common Spectator Ions These ions are spectator ions because they dont react with water, so when soluble compounds of these ions dissolve in water, they wont directly affect pH and can be ignored. While you can consult a table, it worthwhile to memorize the common spectator ions because knowing them makes it easier to identify strong acids, strong bases, and neutral salts in a chemical reaction. The easiest way to learn them is in groups of three or trios of ions found together on the periodic table of the elements.

Strategy and key discourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy and key discourses - Essay Example A well-deciphered strategic initiative can facilitate an organisation in ascertaining its supremacy and gaining significant competitive advantage in the marketplace. The overall direction of a business entity is largely dependent on the decisions and strategies taken by the company. Strategies are also crucial in responding successfully to the uncertainties, complexities and competitiveness prevailing in the business market scenario. Different companies have their own set of rules and methods to create strategies for their business. Moreover, the formation of strategic initiatives significantly depends on the core competencies of an organisation (John et al., 1996). The paper aims at constructing an essay plan based on the key discourses concerning the illustration in detail the different horizons for making strategies. It would also provide an elaborative explanation of the different levels of strategy. Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis is a research method. It is a mode of appr oaching and making an assessment of a particular problem. This method is neither a qualitative nor a quantitative move to research but is a conduct of questioning the basic hypothesis of quantitative as well as qualitative approaches in the research process (The University of Texas at Austin, n.d.). Three Horizons for Strategy Different companies all over the world now-a-days are very much focused on enhancing their profitability of their business operations. Owing to this reason, they aim to develop various distinctive strategies. The process of developing a strategy involves a particular framework, i.e. the ‘three horizons for strategy’. The significance of a long-term-based viewpoint upon the formulated strategies is emphasised by the three horizons framework. The three horizon framework suggests that each and every organisation should visualise itself as comprising three different kinds of business or activity (Johnson & et. al., 2010). The three horizons framework is exemplified below: Horizon 1 This horizon involves â€Å"Short Jump† initiative that would strengthen and expand a company’s position in the existing market. In this step, the company essentially focuses on adding new products to its existing product line. This step also engages the expansion of the company in terms of geographical area and reaching fresh marketplaces where it is yet to have its presence. In this approach, the company can capture a significant portion of the market share of its competitors. The main objective of this horizon is to capitalise largely on its growth potential in the present business market (Thompson et al., 2006). Horizon 2 This step of the horizon is called the medium jump. In this step, the company acquires strategic proposals to influence the present resources and potentials by entering into a new business with a considerable prospective of growth. The companies in the modern-day context need to always be aware of emerging opportuni ties in the market. Whenever there is a prospect where there is an assurance for rapid growth with the incorporation of enormous prevailing experience and rational capital influx and technological knowledge that could be helpful for rapid market access, the company should jump in to leverage that prospect with full strength. When the second demarcated horizon takes a restrain, the first horizon takes the initiative as long as there is enough unexploited growth present in the company’s business perspective (Thompson et al., 2006). Horizon 3 This step is called long jump. In this horizon, the company takes strategic decisions to

Why I feel Grateful to Duncan Abdelnour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Why I feel Grateful to Duncan Abdelnour - Essay Example For the sake of brevity, I would like to call this a personal epiphany of sorts. I had this experience about two months ago and it involved a news report that talked about the coolest tech startups in the US. Certainly, I know about Silicon Valley or Facebook or how Instagram fetched a whooping $1-billion price tag when it was acquired. The tech world for me is "that far" - something that is within the realm of the probable but not exactly a game changing sphere where I see myself being part of or being successful participating in. Its realness is further diminished by the difference in the field I have chosen for myself, my interests and my skill-sets. What caught my attention was the portmanteau that is seemingly the preferred choice in naming most tech startups nowadays. It was Beatmerch. It was so interesting for me because the name tagged to it is someone I know or, at least, someone I am familiar with: Duncan Abdelnour. This person would probably not remember me from Adam. But he was indelibly etched on my mind. The perfectly coiffed and neat hair and that bushy eyebrows in the news photograph are unmistakably the same as sported by the person who sat before me at a conference I half-heartedly attended for an academic assignment last June. I knew him because we were handed these name tags and that was the only other memory Ive had of that event because he unknowingly dropped it in my latte. He did not apologize because he apparently did not know of it. I was annoyed nonetheless. Here is the thing: Reading about Duncan Abdelnour and Beatmerch sort of woke me up and inspired me at the same time. He is still currently in college, majoring in Marketing and Entrepreneurship in the University of Tampa but he already has this cool startup business, which made $126,000 in less than a year.

SUPA Accelerators Overview and Applications

SUPA Accelerators Overview and Applications Aimee Hopper November 28, 2013 1 Briefly describe the differences between the following ac-  celerators and give their advantages and disadvantages (54 Marks) Accelerates Protons/Ions with a Kinetic Energy of 20-35 MeV. The work done on the particle is proportional to the voltage of the terminal. (W =qVterminal). The voltage of the terminal is dependent on the height of the device (V _ kQL ) where Q is the total charge of the particles, k is the Coulomb constant and L is the total length of the accelerating chamber, i.e. the total height of the device through which the  ion falls. Advantages very simple to make, and the principles behind the acceleration are very well understood. easy and cheap to maintain Disadvantages very difficult to get to very high energies, as the only way to do so it so make a very high, stable structure. only allows one route for particles to travel. Betraton (6 Marks) Accelerates electrons with a kinetic energy of 10-300 MeV The betatron is a type of accelerator which uses an induced magnetic field to accelerate electrons to high energies in circular orbits. Uses solenoids with an electric current passing through to produce large magnetic fields to bend the particles. Advantages Simple design solenoids and their properties are well understood and can easily be tested and manufactured. Disadvantages Requires a huge amount of coils to get the induced magnetic fields required – therefore very heavy and costly. As the coils arent superconducting, this system is also very lossy, and so wastes a lot of energy. Cyclotron (6 Marks) Figure 2: [3] Accelerates Protons/Ions with a kinetic energy of 10 100 MeV. A circular device which operates using large magnets to bend the particles. Two semi-circular plates are connected to an AC source, applying a voltage across a gap between the plates. This applied voltage causes the particle to accelerate. However, as there is also a large magnetic field present, the particle is forced to bend its path as it accelerates, following a circular path. The more energy the particle gets, the larger its radius becomes until eventually it is extracted from the device. (v = qBr m where q is the charge of the particle, B is the magnetic field strength applied across the plates, r is the radius of curvature of the particle and m is the mass of the particle.) Advantages The same gap can be used for all energies of particles, as the kick that is received will always be in-phase with the kick produced by the AC source. This is because as the particles speed up, they have a longer path, therefore take longer to arrive to the same point they were originally. Disadvantages To have a small device, large magnetic fields are required, which could pose a hassle to the set-up and cost of the project. As the particles become relativistic, the AC source lags behind, therefore not producing the correct kick to the particles, possibly removing energy from the system. Synchro-cyclotron (6 Marks) Accelerates Protons/Ions with a kinetic energy of 100-750 MeV Special form of cyclotron takes into account relativistic lag from the AC sources. Advantages There is no need for a narrow gap between the plates as in the case of conventional cyclotron, because strong electric fields for producing large acceleration are not required. So, only one plate is required instead of two, the other end of the oscillating voltage supply being connected to earth. The magnetic pole pieces can be brought closer, thus making it possible to increase greatly the magnetic flux density. The frequency valve oscillator is able to function with much greater efficiency. Disadvantages The machine produces high energy ions with a comparatively low intensity. Synchrotron (6 Marks) Figure 3: [?] Accelerates either electrons (kinetic energy of 1-10 GeV) or protons/ions (kinetic energy of 1-1000 GeV). Utilises a number of different types of magnets dipoles (bend the beam), quadrupole (focus the beam), sextupoles (account for chromaticity of the beam) etc. Uses RF cavities to insert energy into the particle beam to account for synchrotron losses and increase the energy of the beam Advantages Can generate a high luminosity beam at very high energies. The Synchrotron radiation lost can be used for other applications which require a very specific wavelength, such as medical applications. Disadvantages Suffers from radiation losses A synchrotron cannot use relativistic particles, as RF lag would become an issue. Storage ring (6 Marks) Accelerates electrons with a kinetic energy of 1-7 GeV [European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]. A storage ring is a particle accelerator that keeps a particle beam at a certain energy for a long period of time. This is useful, especially in synchrotrons, as the beam can be kept at a certain energy ensuring that a specific frequency is emitted in the form of radiation. Advantages Stores a particle beam at a certain energy, so dont have to increase beam energy from 0 (time consuming). Disadvantages Systems have to be very precise and stable – costly Collider ring (6 Marks) Accelerates electrons (kinetic energy of 10-100 GeV) or protons/ions (kinetic energy of 1-7 TeV [Large Hadron Collider]). Particles of a particular energy are injected into the ring and stored there until they are forced to collide at set points throughout the structure. Advantages Can reach higher energies than in a LINAC at much lower cost due to giving each beam half the required centre of mass energy. if using particle-antiparticle, then the same equipment will accelerate the two beams in opposite directions (due to difference in charge) Disadvantages Beam pipe needs to hold 2 beams, which need to only interact with each other when required need very accurate equipment to ensure beam stays separated. Linacs (6 Marks) Accelerates electrons (kinetic energy of 20 MeV to 50 GeV) or protons/ions (kinetic energy of 50-800 MeV [Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility]) A Linear Accelerator accelerates the particle beam along a straight line as opposed to a circular path. Advantages No energy loss due to particles accelerating in a curve. Can accelerate heavy ions to far higher energies than possible in the circular accelerators. Can produce a continuous stream of particles as opposed to bunched particles present in circular accelerators. Disadvantages Need to be very long to get up to high energies. A high number of AC driver sources are required, which is both costly and introduces possible errors due to out-of-phase issues. Linear collider (6 Marks) Accelerates electrons from 50-1000 GeV. A linear collider is used to collide particles in a straight line towards one another. Advantages No energy needs to be pumped into the beam to account for radiation losses. beams will never be able to interact with each other before the collision points, therefore can use smaller beam pipes. can accelerates heavier particles since they dont need to be bent. Disadvantages   For collisions with the highest possible energy, two linacs producing beams with the same energy headed towards each other, the complete machine would need to be very long! 2 Explain the advantages of using a collider rather than  a single beam for collision experiments. Illustrate your  answer by considering 7 TeV proton beams. (10 Marks) By using 7 TeV proton beams in a collider, a centre of mass energy of 14 TeV can be achieved by sending both beams in opposite directions to collide. This is obviously very useful when probing matter, as a higher energy will result in higher mass particles / more low mass particles being produced, therefore available for analysis. The single beam would only be able to reach 7 TeV, and so has a limited range by comparison to the collider. To obtain a centre of mass energy of 14 TeV in a single beam is also incredibly difficult to produce, both due to the cost and the size of the equipment required. Therefore a 14 GeV beam isnt feasible to produce. Whereas 7 TeV is relatively easy. Also, when 14 GeV does become easy to produce, a centre of mass energy of 28 GeV would then be possible, which is far more attractive for high energy energy studies. 3 Explain briefly how a laser-plasma wakefield accelerator  works. What determines the limit in energy for a uniform  plasma density? (13 Marks) In laser-plasma wakefield acceleration, a laser pulse is used to excited very high electric fields in a following plasma wave. Efficient energy transfer is made between laser pulse and plasma wave if both the wave and the pulse are travelling at the same speed, with a high energy gain being obtainable in low-density plasmas, in which the phase velocity of the laser-plasma is equal to the laser pulse group velocity, which is very close to the speed of light. This allows the longitudinal electric fields associated to the fast plasma wave to accelerate relativistic particles within the plasma, and can even trap the particles to the electrostatic wave. This allows particles to be boosted to very high energies in a very short distance. It is important that the density of the plasma is below the critical density (nc =1:1 _ 1021=_20 _m)[5] We know that the maximum energy of a wave is related to the 2g of the wave by the equation E _ epn _1g (1) where g is the lorentz factor associated with the group velocity of the laser pulse which is equal to g =!0!p (2) So the more dense the plasma, the lower g is, and therefore the slower the wave travels. If the wave travels too slowly, then the particles will move away from the wave faster. 4 Briefly describe how a FEL and synchrotron radiation  source works. What is the advantage of a free-electron  laser? (10 Marks) A free-electron laser utilises both undulator and radiation fields to produce ponderomotive (essentially a light-radiation pressure) on the particles. This forces the electrons to oscillate at the fundamental frequency. If the electrons can be forced to bunch together on a wavelength scale (given by equation 3), then the electrons emit coherently. _ =_u22_1 +a2u2_ (3) Synchrotron radiation works by accelerating a particle in a circular path, therefore producing radiation. This generally gives an incoherent beam of radiation, as any discrepancies in the individual particle energies will result in a slightly different frequency radiation coming o_. It is caused by undulators, wigglers and bending magnets, and due to the high speeds of the particles, comes out the acceleration device in a cone, with an opening angle equal to _1 . The benefits of the free-electron laser are that it produces a much higher brightness due to the coherence of the wave, therefore producing a significantly higher photon flux for a given energy, as compared to the synchrotron. Synchrotrons currently produce an average brilliance of 1011. The FEL is able to produce a brilliance of up to 6 orders of magnitude higher, however there are currently issues with regards creating coherence throughout the whole length of the laser pulse. 5 Describe how particles and X-rays can be used to treat  cancer and give the advantages and disadvantages of the  different radiation types used for radiotherapy. (13 Marks) With regards to cancer, the aim is to damage or destroy the DNA of the tumour to kill it by disrupting the cell cycle of the tumour in one way or another. X-Rays produced in 5-20 MeV linacs are currently used to treat most patients. They can cure up to 45% of cancers, 50% of which is by radiation therapy alone, or combined with chemotherapy and/or surgery. This is achieved by using 3D Conformation therapy, where multiple X-Rays are used to concentrate the beam energy onto the tumour, whilst minimising the damage caused to surrounding cells. Particles that can be used to treat cancers include electrons (positrons), protons, neutrons and ions. These can either be used directly, or can help in producing radio-isotopes to also assist in treating cancer through Positron Emission Tomograohy (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). If used directly, then the particles are _red at the tumour. Charged particles interact with electrons in the body, and a vast majority of the energy of the particle is deposited according to its Bragg Peak (energy loss vs distance plot of the Bethe-Bloch formula). The aim is to get this depth to correspond to that of the tumour, so the energy deposited causes maximal damage to the cancer whilst causing very little damage to surrounding tissue. The advantages of particle therapy are All (most) energy deposited where required, with little to no damage of surrounding cells. Very few side effects Seems to have a higher cure rate with certain types of cancers (i.e. uveal melanoma). Massively reduces the damage done to children sufferers as less of their healthy tissue is effected, reducing the chances of side-effects caused by traditional methods. Particles can be accelerated to whatever energy is required to reach the tumour. The disadvantages of particle therapy are: It requires a huge capital investment, and is massively expensive by comparison to X-Ray treatments. Requires hospitals to have room for a large particle accelerator to accelerate the ions, which isnt always possible. Expensive to run, due to energies required. References [1] http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/11/2.html  as viewed on the 25/11/13 [2] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wideroe linac en.svg  as viewed on the 25/11/13 [3] http://images.yourdictionary.com/cyclotron  as viewed on the 25/11/13 [4] http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Nuclear physics/Accelerators/text/  Synchrotron /index.html  as viewed on the 25/11/13 [5] V. Malka, J. Faure, Y. Glinec, A. Lifschitz, LASER-PLASMA WAKEFIELD AC-CELERATION: CONCEPTS, TESTS AND PREMISES, EPAC, 2006

Repaying Kindness Essay

There is a saying that goes like this-‘Be kind to unkind people – they need it the most’. I for one believed it to be utter nonsense.for me it was ‘one for one’s self’. Ever since is remember i was passed from one foster home to another,never really belonging anywhere†¦nothing was black or white in my life. every thing was decorated in different shades of grey. As soon as I was old enough I packed everything and rushed out to face the world on my own.but something good came out from my earlier misery. The little ten year old I’m proud to call my sister. For me she was everthing. All the work I did,all the trouble I went through was for her. Never taking help from others because I alone wanted to be everything she needed. But when she got diagnosed with cancer ,I knew I would not be enough.but I was still too proud to cry out for help. I’ve already learned that crying out for help goes unanswered. But by some miracle ,this time a kindness from god ,without me even asking ,was granted in the form of a man; my employee. Mr. Ilhum ,my employer was a jolly fat man with a beer belly. Although he was almost fifty,his only child was an eight year old boy. His wife died at childbirth.it was really a sad case .from what I heard,they had been trying for a child for over 8 years.one week after Susane , my sister was diagnosed, he quite accidently found out the doctor’s report . to say he was shocked would be quite an inderstatement.from then on he took over and had susane admitted .money was of no concern to him. When I once asked why he was doing it he said,every one deservers to live their life .according to him he wasn’t doing as any us favours but he was doing something any m,an would do. Yeah right. I am pretty sure there is no one else as crazy as him. Still I wasn’t about to question his sanity,after all , he was saving my sister. Due to susane’s cancer being caught at an early stage, the treatments were able to make her better and in no time,he was back to her old life. Every thing was fine again,but at the back of my mind,the question always remained; how do I ever repay such a kindness?After about a month or so the answer soon came to me when I saw the fire dancing around his house. I was working in the outside garage when I heard shouts .but was got to me the most was the cry of a child. It was filled wit such terror that it send shivers down my spine.forgetting all about my work I rushed towards the  house, I was consumed with horror. What a sight! The two storey white house was no longer a happy picture,but a flaming ball of fire. What was worse was that all the people standing around and trying to put off the fire could see the little boy crying hysterically from the second window,but no one went to help him. Forget about repaying any kindness,all that was going throughmy mind was his crying face. After that everything was hazy due to the huge amount of adreline rushing throught me.but I do remember seeing the relief on the child’s face when I scooped him in my arms. As soon as I got out, the firemen rushed at me wit wet blankets and put me in a stretcher. Mr.Ilhum was standing next to my,with his hands on another stretcher ,tears running freely from his eyes. It was then that I registered that the little boy was his. As the morphine started working it was hard to stay awake,but I do remember the words â€Å" that was one heck of a way to repay a kindness,now I owe you one.†

Fiscal and Monetary Policy- the Response of Global Economic Crisis Especially in Eu Essay

Fiscal and Monetary policy- The response of global economic crisis especially in EU Introduction Monetary and fiscal authorities across the globe have responded quickly and decisively to these extraordinary developments. In particular, against the background of rapidly receding inflationary pressures and risks, the Euro system has taken monetary policy and liquidity management measures that were unprecedented in nature, scope and timing. Since October last year they reduced the interest rate on the main refinancing operations. They also provided unlimited liquidity support to the banking system in the euro area to maintain the flow of credit. Governments in the euro area have reacted swiftly to stabilize the financial system and to counteract the adverse impact of the financial crisis on the real economy. Both monetary and fiscal authorities will need to remain credible and effective, and to fulfill their respective responsibilities. In so doing, they will lay solid foundations for future economic recovery and long-term economic growth and job creation. The crisis has shown how important it is to have an independent central bank firmly committed to the objective of price stability. At the same time, governments must make a strong and credible commitment to a path of fiscal consolidation and thus comply with the Stability and Growth Pact. But they must also resist the temptation to further increase the size of the stimulus measures, as this could erode trust in the sustainability of public finances and undermine the effectiveness of the measures already adopted. Global economic situation The financial markets, which was triggered by a systematic under-pricing of risk, particularly in the US sub-prime mortgage market, has now developed into a fully-fledged financial and economic crisis at global level. While the world economy continues to face a severe and synchronized downturn, recent international business confidence indicators suggest that the pace of the decline in economic activity is slowing down somewhat. Most forecasters expect that the global economy is likely to recover in 2010. The economic prospects remain fraught with uncertainty. Compared with a few months ago, overall risks to global economic growth have become more balanced. A stronger positive confidence effect than expected triggered by the monetary and fiscal policy measures could lead to a more sustained recovery in global demand and in global trade, and a quicker normalization of financial market and credit conditions. If global policy actions fail to strike an appropriate balance between economic stimulus and longer-term sustainability, financial market conditions could turn unfavorable again. Global inflation rates have continued to diminish rapidly. This is mainly due to lower commodity prices, weaker labour market conditions and greater global economic slack. Risks to global inflation seem to be broadly balanced in the short to medium term. Inflation risks depend on how efficiently the authorities withdraw the policy stimulus. Euro activity In global developments, economic activity in the euro area has also contracted sharply since the second half of 2008. The euro area economy has shrunk by about 4% over the past two quarters, the worst decline since the start of Economic and Monetary Union. For the current quarter, there is evidence that the economy has shrunk further, though at a slower pace. The economy is no longer in free fall; we are seeing the first signs of stabilization. Indicators of consumer confidence and business sentiment have continued to improve somewhat. We are also seeing some encouraging signs of normalization in financial markets. The euro area economy is likely to be very weak for the remainder of past year. The real GDP growth are broadly in line with the most recent forecasts from the IMF and the European Commission. Both institutions expect the euro area economy to contract by 4% or more in 2009, followed by a gradual recovery in 2010. The projected gradual recovery reflects the significant macroeconomic stimulus under way and the measures taken to make the financial system function normally both inside and outside the euro area. Euro price development Inflation in the euro area has declined rapidly since it reached its highest level, 4%, last summer. In May, The decline over this period is primarily  due to the marked fall in global commodity prices, and particularly oil prices. Inflation rates are likely to enter negative territory during the summer, but we expect them to turn positive by the end of 2009. This can largely be explained by base effects from energy prices. These effects are of no concern to the ECB, which aims to maintain price stability in the medium term. In other words, its monetary policy strategy aims to ensure that short-term volatility in inflation rates does not lead to volatility in long-term inflation expectations. It is reinforced by the anticipation that prices will decline further in the future. As a consequence, inflation expectations become disanchored and negative, and firms and households may decide to postpone investments and major purchases. Medium-term inflation expectations remain well anchored at levels consistent with price stability, low or negative inflation rates for a short period of time may help to sustain real income and may therefore stimulate spending. But even if inflation rates to turn positive again by the end of this year, the weak economic outlook for the euro area is expected to keep domestic price pressures contained for some time. Monetary and financing conditions Financing conditions in the euro area, external financing costs have been declining since October last year, and particularly sharply since the start of this year. Following policy interest rate cuts, bank lending rates have fallen significantly. This indicates that the pass-through mechanism from policy rates to the real economy has continued to function in recent months, even though there is evidence that banks’ margins have widened. With credit spreads across all rating classes decreasing from their record highs and with stock prices rising, the overall cost of financing for euro area non-financial corporation’s is diminishing. In general, the recent positive signs from financial markets point to a gradual improvement in confidence among investors. Monetary policy The ECB has acted in a timely, decisive and appropriate manner since the start of the financial market. When the escalating financial crisis led to a rapid decline of inflationary pressures. The interest rate on the main refinancing operations now stands at 1.0%, its lowest level since the launch  of the euro. This level is appropriate taking into account all information and analyses. Money market rates have fallen even further to record lows, and the loan interest rates charged by banks have declined. Substantive monetary policy easing is already being felt in the real economy. In addition to lowering the policy interest rate quickly and sharply, we have resorted to highly non-standard liquidity operations in order to provide the financial system with the liquidity that was so urgently needed. Last October, They adopted a ‘fixed-rate full allotment’ procedure in all their open market operations. This gives banks as much central bank liquidity as they want at our key policy interest rate, against an expanded list of eligible collateral. Coupled with the fact that essentially all financially sound euro area credit institutions can participate in the Euro system’s refinancing operations, these measures have significantly eased the banks’ balance sheet constraints, thereby avoiding a sudden stop in the supply of credit and the emergence of a systemic crisis. Policy measures Both monetary and fiscal policy-makers have reacted in a forceful and timely manner, aiming to restore confidence. And indeed, as regards the Euro system’s monetary policy and liquidity management measures. Confidence has returned to financial markets, and business surveys are picking up. Global and domestic demand to increasingly benefit from the significant economic stimulus and the measures taken so far to bring the financial system back to normal functioning. Fiscal policy measures Fiscal authorities in the euro area have demonstrated their willingness and capacity to act rapidly and in a coordinated manner in exceptional circumstances. It is important to distinguish between measures intended to support the banking sector and fiscal policy measures aimed at stimulating demand. Support for the banking sector Government support for the banking sector was necessary; it has safeguarded the stability of the financial system. The price of this success, however, is that governments have incurred substantial fiscal costs and credit risks that are ultimately borne by taxpayers. Following the adoption of a  concerted European action plan on 12 October 2008, euro area governments announced national measures to support the banking sector. These measures consist of government guarantees for interbank lending, recapitalization of financial institutions in difficulty, increase the coverage of retail deposit insurance and asset relief schemes. Overall, euro area governments committed about 23% of euro area GDP to financial sector support measures. For the euro area, the various support measures adopted so far are expected to have only a small direct impact on government deficits, whereas the impact on debt is expected to be about 3% of GDP. Finally, contingent liabilities related to the financial rescue measures are expected to be about 8% of GDP, excluding government guarantees on retail deposits. These figures, however, do not reflect the very different developments taking place across euro area countries. Rising long-term government bond yields may only have a gradual impact on government borrowing costs, as changes in interest rates only affect the cost of newly issued debt and debt at variable interest rates. However, they may signal both a reduced willingness on the part of investors to provide long-term funding as well as difficulty in accessing capital market funds. So far, most euro area countries have enjoyed relatively low interest rates on new government debt issuance, despite facing considerably more difficult market conditions. Looking ahead, as the economy recovers and competition for financing increases, governments may face higher bond yields again. Use of fiscal policy In addition to providing financial support to the banking sector, euro area governments reacted forcefully to counter the negative impact of the financial turmoil on the real economy. Besides the operation of automatic stabilizers, which provide a significant cushion to the euro area economy by way of lower tax revenues and higher spending on unemployment benefits, the discretionary use of fiscal policy helped to mitigate the effects of the global economic downturn. However, fiscal stimulus measures need to remain temporary and be combined with measures that ensure fiscal sustainability over the medium run. This will preserve trust in the sustainability of public finances and support both the recovery and long-term economic growth. While the recent coordinated fiscal loosening has been broadly accepted as a legitimate and necessary step in the short run, given the exceptional economic circumstances, it also entails a significant fiscal burden. The latest available economic point to dramatic developments in euro area public finances. In addition to a rapidly deteriorating general government deficit, which is expected to be above 6% of euro area GDP in 2010, the euro area debt ratio will increase by about 15 percentage points to above 80% of GDP by 2010. These figures are very high, though they compare favorably with other major economic regions that have also provided a substantial fiscal impulse to their economy. The budget deficit in both the United Kingdom and the United States is projected to be about 14% of GDP in 2010. Against this backdrop, euro area countries must reject calls for additional fiscal loosening. In the current environment, any further fiscal stimulus is likely to be counterproductive as it could hamper the economic recovery in two ways. First of all, even higher fiscal deficits could fuel market concerns about a country’s ability to meet its future debt obligations, thus putting upward pressure on interest rates. Second, increasing budget deficits would also raise concerns about a higher tax burden in the future, thus inducing consumers to save rather than spend any additional income. The financial sector support measures, combined with the Euro system’s enhanced credit support measures, were successful in safeguarding the stability of the financial system. Together, these initiatives have the potential to tackle the crisis of confidence at its root also by taking into account the fundamental role of the banking sector in the functioning of the economy. The restructuring of the banking sector is the top policy priority, and progress in this domain is the key to economic recovery. Given the challenges which lie ahead, banks should take appropriate measures to strengthen their capital base and, where necessary, take full advantage of government support and in particular recapitalization measures. Fiscal policy can contribute to macroeconomic stability also through discretionary actions. When assessing the merits of the different measures  taken, we should differentiate between measures such as (1) expenditure increases and (2) tax cuts, and (3) measures like guarantees and loan subsidies to specific sectors of the economy. Moreover, this type of support would be difficult to reverse and might act as a brake on long-term growth. Turning to the effectiveness of fiscal measures to stimulate demand (spending increases and tax cuts), it crucially depends on the behavior of economic agents, and that in turn also affects the size of the fiscal multipliers (the GDP effect of fiscal stimulus measures). The expectation that higher government spending today may lead to higher taxation in the future would induce both households and firms to save rather spend any additional income, thus reducing the size of the fiscal multiplier. Therefore, the public perception of overall fiscal sustainability plays an important role in the impact of the respective national fiscal stimuli. The effectiveness of fiscal stimulus measures also depends on the extent to which private investors respond positively to tax policy, with their investments likely to be more responsive in the case of ‘temporary’ tax breaks, as they provide an incentive to bring forward future investment plans. At the same time, there is a risk that fisc al stimulus measures may crowd out private investment by putting upward pressure on interest rates. Fiscal stimulus measures should be ‘timely, temporary and targeted’. ‘Timely’ means that the measures take effect when they are needed; any delays in assessing the cyclical situation, in taking decisions and implementing the measures may fail to prevent a drop in output. ‘Temporary’ implies that the fiscal impulse should only last as long as the recession in question. ‘Targeted’ relates to the expected size of the multiplier effect. In addition to these ‘TTT’ criteria, the measures should be consistent with other policy objectives such as fiscal sustainability, long-term economic growth and the functioning of the market mechanism. Implications of policy measures The current crisis has increased the role of the government in the economy. Some bank rescue operations have involved outright nationalizations, so governments now have significant exposure to the financial sector. Similarly, the large fiscal stimuli packages adopted by many countries have led to a large increase in the size of the public sector in the economy. At the same time, the turmoil is being interpreted by some as a crisis of the market economy. It has encouraged critics of the market economy to speak out and demand a much larger role in the economy for governments.The financial system clearly needs a fundamental overhaul. Financial institutions have to take a different approach and adopt appropriate incentives. We need to strengthen the regulation of the financial system, and in particular, we must improve the international cooperation between national supervisors of the financial sector. But the policy-makers must not get carried away by recent events; they should act in a measured way, and not throw the baby out with the bathwater. While governments have had no alternative but to support systemically relevant financial institutions, they should, as a rule, keep their assistance to specific sectors or firms to a minimum. And when they do intervene, they should prepare clear and credible exit strategies. No matter how serious the current crisis is, the market economy remains the best way to organize our economic affairs. An exit strategy is a comprehensive programmed to withdraw and neutralize measures taken during the financial crisis, without causing any harm to the economy. If they have no well-defined exit strategy, governments may get bogged down and the positive impact of the measures taken may be undermined. A well thought-out exit strategy is needed to reassure economic agents that a timely restoration of the level playing field in the different sectors of the economy is the ultimate objective. As such, an exit strategy needs to contain clear criteria about the timing of the withdrawal of the financial support and the reversal of the fiscal stimuli. Euro area governments did not lay out clear exit strategies when they announced the stimuli. Some of their measures do not expire automatically or are not explicitly designed to be temporary. The possible difficulties of reversing the fiscal stimulus packages may hinder the return to sound fiscal positions in the short run. Under these circumstances, the peer pressure mechanism, on which the EU fiscal framework is based, may be weakened thus  making more difficult a return to sound fiscal policies. As a matter of fact, countries with high fiscal deficits may be tempted not to put political pressure on their peers. Protracted excessive deficits may undermine the credibility of the EU fiscal framework, thus casting doubts on fiscal sustainability and jeopardizing the Stability and Growth Pact. The current crisis has taught us an important lesson about the importance of preserving the public’s trust in the soundness of public finances. At the current juncture, euro area governments must make credible commitments to return to sound fiscal policies. Doing so in full compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact is the most credible exit strategy. This requires, first, a full reversal of the fiscal stimulus measures taken so far. This is necessary to ensure an efficient allocation of resources by minimizing distortions in the incentives of economic agents and by avoiding a permanent increase in the size of the public sector. Second, governments must live up to their commitment to maintain fiscal discipline. This means that credible fiscal consolidation plans have to be implemented as early as possible, including a consolidation effort of at least 1% of GDP per annum where necessary. Understanding the monetary policy from the crisis The current crisis demonstrates, once again, how important it is for central banks to remain independent of political influence. Even if we are experiencing the worst economic downturn since the 1930s, long-term inflation expectations in the euro area remain solidly anchored in line with the ECB’s definition of price stability. Although central banks may be charged with additional tasks in the aftermath of the crisis, their primary objective must remain the maintenance of price stability. We cannot allow any conflicts of interest to arise. The high-level expert group headed by Jacques de Larosià ¨re, former Governor of the Bank of France and Managing Director of the IMF, has identified a number of weaknesses in the supervisory framework both inside and outside Europe that contributed to the build-up of the current crisis. The important role played by monetary analysis – and in particular the role of asset prices – when assessing the risks to price stability over the  medium term. Price stability is our primary objective, but this does not imply that we only focus on short to medium-term movements in inflation. Any build-up of financial imbalances which could pose risks to price stability in the longer term could be overlooked under a restrictive short-term approach. The ECB’s assessment of risks to price stability is well equipped to detect these types of risk as it is based on a comprehensive economic and monetary analysis – its well-known two-pillar strategy. The first pillar, the economic analysis, is common to most central banks. This analysis basically consists of identifying risks to price stability in the short to medium term by analyzing the interplay between aggregate supply and aggregate demand in the economy. The second pillar, the monetary analysis, plays a more prominent role at the ECB than at other central banks. The ECB pays special attention to monetary developments in recognition of the fact that monetary growth and inflation are closely related in the medium to long term. Analyzing developments in credit, and in particular loans to the private sector, is helpful in extracting the relevant signals from the monetary developments. This analysis also implies a regular monitoring of asset price developments and their implications. This analysis will become even more prominent in the future. Conclusion The fiscal and monetary authorities have responded forcefully and their efforts are slowly starting to bear fruit. The pace of the economic contraction appears to be slowing down, and confidence indicators have improved somewhat. The crisis has highlighted the importance of sound public finances. Governments need to consolidate during good economic times in order to have room for man oeuvre during not-so-good times. With respect to monetary policy, the crisis has demonstrated the importance of having an independent central bank credibly committed to price stability. The fiscal and monetary authorities have an important role in sustaining the economic recovery. Governments must devise and enact credible strategies to exit from the banking sector and to ensure that the discretionary policy measures adopted during the crisis will be reversed. Their full compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact is the best tool to solidly anchor market expectations. Most importantly, we will continue to deliver on what we are expected to deliver, which is to maintain price stability, and to provide an anchor of confidence in difficult times. The current crisis has shown how important it is for countries to consolidate during good economic times and to build a ‘fiscal reservoir’ from which they can draw in periods of ‘drought’. Many euro area countries failed to do so. They suddenly found themselves in this turbulent environment burdened by high fiscal deficits and debt ratios. As regards monetary policy, it is equally important to draw up a strategy for withdrawing in due course the extraordinary measures that have been implemented or announced. The ECB obviously cannot maintain the current degree of support indefinitely. We are providing substantial short-term support to the financial system and the real economy, and thereby ultimately maintaining price stability. In fact, we are prepared to take appropriate actions once the macroeconomic environment improves. We will ensure that the measures taken can be quickly unwound and the liquidity provided absorbed. This includes, for instance, unwinding the increase in the average maturity of our refinancing operations. Being prepared to exit from our non-standard measures – as soon as the macroeconomic conditions justify such a move – helps to maintain price stability over the medium term and to ensure a firm anchoring of longer-term inflation expectations. References Alan Auerbach and Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2012a, â€Å"Measuring the Output Responses to Fiscal Policy,†American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,  Alan Auerbach and Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2012b, â€Å"Fiscal Multipliers in Recession and Expansion,† NBER Chapters, in Fiscal Policy after the Financial Crisis, edited by Alberto Alesina and Francesco Giavazzi (University of Chicago Press). Rà ¼diger Bachmann and Eric Sims, 2012, Confidence and the transmission of government spending shocks,† Journal of Monetary Economics Blanchard, O. and R. Perotti (2002). â€Å"An Empirical Characterization of the Dynamic Effects of Changes in Government Spending and Taxes on Output.† Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4): 1329-1368. Nicoletta Batini, Giovanni Callegari and Giovanni Melina, 2012. â€Å"Successful Austerity in the United States, Europe and Japan,† IMF Working Papers 12/190, International Monetary Fund. Anja Baum and Gerritt Koester, 2011, â€Å"The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Activity Over the Business Cycle – Evidence from a Threshold VAR Analysis† Deutsche Bundesbank’ Anja Baum, Marcos Poplawski-Riberio and Anke Weber, 2012, â€Å"Fiscal Multipliers and the State of the Economy,† IMF Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, December. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (2008).†Fiscal Policy as a countercyclical tool.† October Ethan Ilzetzki, Enrique Mendoza & Carlos Vegh, 2011. â€Å"How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?,† IMF Working Papers (International Monetary Fund.) Forthcoming, Journal of Monetary Economics. Daniel Shoag, 2012, â€Å"The Impact of Government Spending Shocks: Evidence on the Multiplier from State Pension Plan Returns,† Harvard Kennedy School. Antonio Spilimbergo, Steven Symansky, and Martin Schindler, â€Å"Fiscal Multipliers,† Staff Position NoteNo. 2009/11, International Monetary Fund. Perotti, R. (2002). â€Å"Estimating the effects of fiscal policy in OECD countries.† ECB Working Paper.

Julius Caesar Character Analysis Essay - 1017 Words

The author of Julius Caesar is William Shakespeare, an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He was born on July 13 in 1564 and died in 1616. It was written to be a tragedy and was one of the seventh plays written off true events that happened in Roman time. Also includes Coriolanus, Antony, and Cleopatra. Drama of the play focuses on Brutus’ struggle between the conflicting demands of honor, patriotism, and friendship. Opens with â€Å"two tribunes discovering the commoners of Rome celebrating Julius Caesar’s triumphant return from defeating the sons of his military rival, Pompey† (Act 1). Change of the people loyalty from Pompey changed, they started showing loyalty to†¦show more content†¦Senators disliked him in many ways but regular people loved him. They wanted him to be king but Caesar did not want to he already had enough power and respect over the people and the senators didnâ€℠¢t like it. Julius Caesar always dreamed of being powerful and he became consul, the highest position in Rome but it only lasted a year he had to share power with Cassius and Pompey which didn’t last long either. What he did reflected on the society because Caesar created jobs for the poor, distributed land for the poor and forced patricians to higher citizens and not just use slaves. In the play it does not show Caesar point of view and he is not the main character of the play that bears his name. As roman territory grew, expansion for their laws naturally followed. The impact in almost all areas invaded and settled by romans or their europeans descendants retain aspects of roman law. Every other character is preoccupied with Caesar specifically, with the possibility that Caesar may soon become king. If her were to become king it would mean the end of the republican system of gov’t, in which senators representing the citizens of Rome wield most of the power. 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